Read and translate the text
Human Rights Convention
The Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on Monday, 2
October 2000. The preamble to this Act says that it is «An Act to
give further effect to the rights and freedoms guaranteed under the
European Convention on Human Rights». The Act is known as the
Human Rights Convention — or simply «the Convention». The Act
has been welcomed by the overwhelming majority of judges,
lawyers, and commentators as heralding a new era of human rights
culture. It has already had the effect of concentrating public
attention upon human rights issues and of enlarging the scope of
our «rights and freedoms»; and it is certainly of major
constitutional importance. The origins of the Convention rights and
freedoms are to be found in the dark days of the Second World War
(1939—45).
Following the widespread atrocities and destruction caused by the
war, the governments of Western Europe established the Council
of Europe. Its first task was to draw up a set of universal human
rights. These rights were called «universal» because they were
intended to cross national frontiers — the boundaries of nationality
and State citizenship. They would establish across Europe, and for
all the citizens of Europe, a minimum standard of protection in
various crucially important areas of their lives. In 1950 the Council
agreed a statement of these rights, in the Convention.
The United Kingdom (UK) played a major role in conceiving and
drafting this Convention, and in 1951 we signified our agreement
УК-4.3, УК-4.5
to it. It came into force in international law in 1953, but the
Convention itself was not formally incorporated into English law
until the Human Rights Act 1998. Before the Act came into force,
therefore, those who believed that a public authority had breached
their Convention rights had to apply to the European Court of
Human Rights (European Court) in Strasbourg to resolve the
matter. That could be extremely expensive, and take years, but now
Article 13 of the Convention provides that wherever it is claimed
that rights and freedoms under the Convention have been violated,
those who say they have suffered are entitled to an «effective
remedy». This means that they must be allowed to raise the matter
of their Convention rights before the UK courts. Under the Human
Rights Act, these rights can be relied upon in any court or tribunal
in England and Wales, and it is only if citizens can show that they
have first exhausted the remedies of these «domestic courts» that
they can take their cases to Strasbourg.
The Convention was a revolutionary document, containing a
number of Articles. These are the statements of legal rights, known
as «Convention rights». To the Articles have been added Protocols
(later additions or improvements to Convention rights, rather
similar in nature to the Amendments to the US Constitution). There
are three fundamental characteristics of Convention rights: each
right is inherent — it exists as a separate and essential part of what
we believe it should mean to be a free human being; it is inalienable
— it cannot be given or taken away; and it is universal — it is
common to all. These rights are therefore thought to represent the
basic freedoms and minimum standards that are to be expected for
all citizens in a democratic society.
Taken as a whole, the Convention rights embrace a wide range of
human and fundamental rights. They include rights protecting
individual citizens from State oppression, rights concerning their
standard of living and quality of life, rights of freedom from
discrimination, rights to free movement throughout the European
Union, and rights of equal pay for men and women. The Human
Rights Act makes it unlawful for «public authorities» to act in a
way that conflicts with Convention rights. The expression «public
authorities» covers a wide range of public bodies including the
courts, the police, local councils, government departments, and
other government bodies. It also includes many private bodies
which also have public functions, for example private schools. The
Convention rights are extremely important, for they amount to a
rich seam of freedoms and protections. They do not, however,
provide us with an entirely new set of rights that have never existed
before.
2. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and
expressions.
to come into force
to give further effect to the rights and freedoms
under the European Convention on Human Rights
to concentrate public attention upon human rights issues
to enlarge the scope of rights and freedoms
to be of major constitutional importance
УК-4.3, УК-4.5
widespread atrocities and destruction caused by the war
to draw up a set of universal human rights
to cross national frontiers
to establish a minimum standard of protection
to draft the Convention
to breach the Convention rights
to apply to the European Court of Human Rights
to resolve the matter
to be entitled to an «effective remedy»
to raise the matter of the Convention rights before the UK courts
to exhaust the remedies of the «domestic courts»
to take cases to Strasbourg
each right is inherent, inalienable and universal
to embrace a wide range of human and fundamental rights
to protect individual citizens from State oppression
standard of living
quality of life
rights of equal pay for men and women
to act in a way that conflicts with Convention rights
provide people with an entirely new set of rights
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Вариант 2. Human Rights Convention 1. Read and translate the text 2. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions: to come into force to give further effect ... #1509464
Артикул: 1509464
- Предмет: Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности
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| Тема: | Вариант 2. Human Rights Convention 1. Read and translate the text 2. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions: to come into force to give further effect ... |
| Артикул: | 1509464 |
| Дата написания: | 14.10.2022 |
| Тип работы: | Контрольная работа |
| Предмет: | Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности |
| Количество страниц: | 9 |
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